Different Types of Organ Systems in Organisms

Various organ systems in organisms 
1. Network
A network is a composite of cells that one and another arranged meetings function to carry out a particular process. The tissue is found in the composition of a living organism that has many cells. Various kinds of tissue in living things, among others:A. Epithelial tissue or cover tissue
B. Muscle tissue
C. Connective tissue 
D. Supporting or supporting networks 
E. Neural networks 
2. OrgansAn organ is a body tissue that performs its functions alongside other tissues. The organ is called the body tool. Examples of organs for humans such as heart, stomach, Imfa, Lungs, hands, intestines, and so forth. Living organisms are organisms of higher order or higher degrees.3. Organ systems in plantsThe organs contained in plants include roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds. 
A. The roots of the plant serve to solidify the tree and absorb mineral salts from the soil. Some plant species also have roots that serve as storage of food supplies, such as cassava, and the like.- Epidermal tissue, which is the outermost network and serves to cover the inner tissue.- Endodermic tissue, which is a network that selects nutrients. It lies at the deepest boundary of the cortex. Another function of endodermic tissue is that it is also capable of storing spare food.- Periskel network, which is the network that is the outer limit of the central cylinder.- Parenchymal tissue, a tissue whose function is to support plant stems.- Network kolenkhim and sclerenkhim, the network that has a role to strengthen the stem of the plant.- Vessel network, the network consisting of phloem and xylem. 
B. Stem is part of the plant body that acts as a support of leaves and flowers. In the stem there are the vessels as a channel of transportation of water, minerals, and food substances from the roots. The process of forming the stem starts from the primary growth because it comes from the growing point. There are two theories about the formation of stems, namely:- Histtogen theory, which suggests that the point of growing stems consists of three layers of dermatogenic layer, periclem layer and layer of flerom.- Tunika theory, states that the point of growing the stem can be divided into two layers only, namely the tunica and the corpus. The tunica part consists of several layers of active cell dividing so that the point of growing becomes widened, while the corpus part is the inner part of which division occurs in all directions.The stem layer tissue in dikotil plants is different from the monocots. In dikotil plants, the vascular bundles are arranged in a line of circles. Between phloem and xylem are fascist cambium. In monocot plants, their layers have no cambium. Vein bonding is spread over the entire transverse surface of the stem. The epidermis does not cover the cork layer and does not conduct secondary growth. 
C. Leaves are parts of plants that act as food processors. Because plants can process their own food using the help of sunlight. Process processing of solar energy changes into chemical energy, which is commonly called photosynthesis. Leaves composed of epidermal tissue and parenchymal tissue. Epidermal tissue is present on the top and bottom surfaces. Usually covered by the cuticle layer, waxy lining and fine hair (soft fur). While the parenchymal tissue consists of sponge tissue containing chlorophyll (leaf green matter). At the bottom of the leaf there is a leaf mouth (stomata) that fumes as respiration or respiration.
D. Flowers in plants serve as a breeding tool (especially in seed plants). Flowers are shaped from the arrangement:- Crown of flowers, which serves to attract insects to help pollinate- Stamens and pistils- Flower petals- Flower stalk- SeedIn one tree there are male, female and hermaphrodite flowers.- Male flowers, ie flowers that have stamens but do not have pistils.- The flower of a female, a flower that only has a pistil only.- Flowers of hermaphrodite, the flower that has pistil and stamens.4. The organ system in humansThe human body consists of various networks that work in accordance with its function. The organ systems in question include:- Skin system- Digestive system- Circulatory system- Respiratory system- System spending- Reproduction system- Skeletal system- Muscle system- Nervous system- Hormonal system

Skin serves as a protective and cover the body parts. Skin is considered as a sense of taste because it can feel hot, cold, smooth, rough, painful and painful. Digestion is an organ that serves to break food to be easily absorbed by the body. The digestive organs consist of:
 - The mouth that has a digestive tool such as teeth, tongue, salivary glands.
 - Hull whose walls produce HCL, pronein, and pepsinogen. 
- Pylorus uamh has a valve (called a pylorus valve). This pylorus valve will open if the stomach releases tetaoic acid if the pancreas takes off a base, the valve closes by itself.
 - Small intestine consisting of 12 fingers (deudenum), jejenum and ileum.
 - The large intestine serves to decompose the remaining food that can not be digested.The circulatory system is called circulation. The organ that functions in the body's circulation is the heart, pulse, veins, and lymph nodes. Its function is to circulate substances / lifting substances throughout the body and protect from disease seeds. The human blood is red because it is influenced by oxygen and carbon dioxide. Blood consists of blood cells and blood fluid (blood plasma). The blood function is:- Transporting nutrients, oxygen, metabolism and water- Maintain body temperature- Regulate the balance of acids and bases on the body- As the body's defense against attacks from outside- Circulating hormonesRespiratory system is also called respiration. The organs that work as a respirator are the larvae, the throat and the lungs. The function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen and remove waste substances (CO2 and H2O).The system of expenditure is called excretion. The organs that work as a means of removal are the kidneys, bladder, ureter, and urethra. In general, the function of these organs is to remove food waste substances (waste substances) and maintain fluid balance around the cell.The breeding system is also called reproduction. The organs that work as reproductive organs include theses, ovaries, uterus, bladder and so on. 
Skeletal system is also called skeleton. Includes skull, spine, ribs and free limbs. The skeletal system on the body works as a protective and supportive, as the formation of blood cells and the place of attachment of muscles.The muscular system includes the muscles and tendons. Muscle is a network of movers that can move parts of the body by contracting. Collection of bundles of muscles commonly called meat. Muscle cells consist of three kinds, namely sl smooth muscle, striated muscle cells, and heart muscle cells.The nervous system is composed of brain organs, spinal cord, nerve fibers, nerve nodes, and sensory devices. The function of these organs is as the control of body interaction to the external environment.The hormone system is made up of the thyroid, pituitary, adrenaline, pancreatic, and so on. The hormone system is also called endocrine. Its function as a chemical control and regulator of other body organ functions.

ORGANISM AS A SYSTEM

Because the composition of his body which consists of various forms and has a very complicated function then the organism is considered as a system. While the organism itself is the level of living things that have the arrangement of many cells. This is the level of the organization of life.

Protoplasm as the basic substance of living thingsThe difference between living things and mortal being is the existence of protoplasm. In it, all life processes take place. The protoplasm is in the cell of a living being. Therefore, protoplasm is called the basic substance of life.Protoplasma is divided into two kinds:A. Nucleoplasm, the plasma present in the nucleus (cell nucleus)B. Cytoplasm, the plasma that is outside the cell nucleus.
2. Cell as the constituent body of living things.Cells are the builders of the body of living things, according to the level, there are only one-celled and some are multicellular. Based on the number of cells as the constituent elements, the living beings are differentiated into two levels or stages.A. The unisel organizer, a living mite consisting of only one cell. All activities are done by the cell itself.B. Organize multicell, which is a living organism composed of cells, ranging from simple to composed of millions of cells.
Cell cell sections consist of parts of cell organelles, cell membranes, plasma membranes and cell vacuoles.The cell membrane, also called the nuclear membrane, is part of the membrane composed of lipoproteins. It protects the protoplasm and regulates the transport of substances from one cell cell to another.The protoplasm, the part of the liquid cell. Its function as a place of process metabolism process.The cell organs, which include many parts, are:A. Nucleus (cell nucleus), its location is protected by this membrane. Differentiated into two kinds, namely eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.B. Mitochondria, which acts as a respirator of cellular aerobic respiration.C. Ribosomes, which are cell organelles that serve as a protein therapy site. It is attached to the endiplasmic reticulum.D. The endoplasmic reticulum, the channel that interacts nucleus with the outer cell space.E. Badangolgi (golgiaparatus), the organelle that is found in many gland cells.F. Lysosomes, the organelles that function as the forming of digestive enzymes and as the forming of digestive enzymes and as the formation of immune substances. Lysosomes are found in animal cells.G. Cell cavity, also called cell vacuoles. It's in the cytoplasm. Cell vacuoles contain liquid cells and in them dissolve organic substances (enzymes, proteins, lipids, alcohols) and inorganic (mineral, acid and base salts).H. The shape and size of cells, can only be seen using a magnifying glass (microscope). When viewed from the glass microscope, then the shape and size of cells vary. There are shaped like a box, round or irregular. Medium size is very small, usually between 5 - 15 microns.
Cells in plants, The composition of cells in plants consists of cell walls, cell membranes, nuclei, vacuoles, chloroplasts and cytoplasm. At first the cell wall is composed of a pectonic substance and is a thin membrane. The longer the plant is getting older The older the plant life the thicker the membrane because it is composed of cellulose substances. On the inside of the cell wall there is a plasma membrane that is firmly attached to the inner side of the cell wall. Organel plastids exist only in plant cells. In it there is pigment (dye). Not Colored because of sunlight, iron and magnesium, then appear green, yellow, or red. Green plastids are called chloroplasts, while red and yellow are called chromoplasts.
The structure of cells in animals is composed of cell membranes, centrioles, nucleoli, vacuoles, cytoplasm. Differences with plant cells, in animal cells do not have cell walls. More and more thin membranes can protect protoplasm. Cell cavities or vacuoles in animals have different functions than plant cell vacuoles. Vakuola animal cells serve to digest food (non contractive vacuoles) for higher animals. As for single-celled animals, the vacuole serves as an excessive air-pump in the cell for discharge. This water-pumping vacuole is also called a contractive vacuole.
Differences in plant cells and animal cellsA. Cells in animals:- Do not have cell walls.- has no plastids- The shape is not fixed, because it only has a cell membrane that is not solid- The number of mitochondria is relatively large.- Forced vacuoles are numerous and very small.- Sentrosom and sentriol are obvious.B. Cells in plants:- Has a cell wall.- Has a plastide grain- Some mitochondria are relatively small, because their function is assisted by plastide granules.- The number of Vakuola is relatively small and large.- fixed form because there is a dind

THE EVOLUTION OF LIVING THINGS.

A. THE INFLUENCE OF EVOLUTION AGAINST THE ORGANISM

        The development was gradually called EVOLUTION, which in biology, has the
sense of a process change on living beings that goes from generation to generation with
very slow and long. the evolution was considered the cause of the occurrence of the
diversity of living things. While the nature of the change in evolution happen due to the influence of a few reasons.
In this natural evolution can be distinguished into two kinds, namely kosmic evolution is a change that occurs in an environment that is not alive (abiotic component environment) and organic evolution is the change that occurs in living things from generation to the next (biotic environment).
As for the causative factors of evolution are:
a.   Influes factor genes, is the nature of an organism that is in control by the
      substance in the chromosomes. A gene is changed, the influence on the nature
      of a being (organisms) are concerned. As for gene changes caused due to mutations
      and Gene's recommendation.
b. the influence of the environmental factors is the natural habitat of living things slowly place can influence the changing nature of the organisms in question.

                        B. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION

A. JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK's
     evolution, a character who lived in the years 1744-1829, derived from the French
Jean Baptiste Lamarck, posited the theory of progression and change living things. The
theory, known as the called Use an Dis Use :
1.  Living creatures that now is more
     complex and perfect actually comes from a very simple living beings.
2.  Living beings continuously adjust to their surroundings with her organs.
3.  the organs of the body that are commonly used are always adjusting with
     its environmen While organs that are rarely used are not going to disappear.
4. Parent organ undergoing changes will be passed down to the next generation.

B. CHARLES DARWIN
     Charles Darwin more famous than the other scientists. To the extent dubbed the father of evolution. Darwin found:
1. No two individuals who have in common.
2. every population has always abounded because living things are able to breed.
3. Breeding  can happen if supported food and enough room.
4. The increase of the population does not run continuously.

As for the theory of Darwin's thinking about the subject matter of evolution that is poured in two of his books are:
1. the present Species this species comes from the past.
2. Evolution by natural selection (selection against individuals living beings, which can adjust to their surroundings will live on. For individuals who could not adjust to the environment will be destroyed).

Some of Darwin's business in developing a theory of evolution do with expeditions Galapagos Islands, geological studies, the study of the relationship of economy and population, as well as the selection and about domestika study (the selection of seed plants and animals).
    Darwin's theory of evolution and Lamarck have in common that is equally based on the view that evolution
Occur due to environmental influences.
The difference of the theory of Darwin and Lamarck's theories:
-  Lamarck: living creatures adapt to the environment with the use of her body.
   Changes in organ yield adjustment inherited from his descendants.
-Darwin: evolution theories occur due to natural selection, organisms that are able to adapt to the
the environment will survive.

                         C. THE HISTORY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT.
 
    In studying the history and the origins of man, Darwin uses how to find kinship relations between humans with primates. Because primates are considered high class animal. As for the order of the primates consisted of lemuroidae (the APE). Tursioidae (the tarsiers) and Gorillas, considered most closely minnows with man.
   The reason Darwin's theory because between primates and humans have commonalities include:
a. Between primates and humans alike have eyes that face forward.
b. Between primates and humans alike have retractable front limbs in all directions.
c. location of the mammary glands are both located in the chest.
d. form of womb of type Simplex (one room).
    Primitive primates are thought to have been about 75 years ago. Evolutionary radiation leads to a wide variety of forms, including humans, and the result of the evolution line.

                                                       Gb.primitive evolutionary radiation

             
             D. HUMAN FOSSIL DISCOVERIES FROM TIME TO TIME
 
1. Raymond Dart in 1924 human skull fossil ape discovered in the village of Taung,
    Bechuanald, South Africa. This fossil is called Australopitheus africanus.
2. In South America discovered a fossil called Paranthropus robustus and
    Paranthropus transvaalensis. It is estimated that approximately 1.5 tall creature
    with its brain volume approximately 600 cubic cm. Both Australopithecus africanus,
    as well as paranthropus robustus pranthropus transvaalensis is considered a human
    fossil apes.
3. ancient human fossils ever discovered, among others:
    a. Meganthropus palaejavanicus (human aksasa Java) found in sangiran, Wonogiri,
        by Von Koningswald (1939-1941).
    b. Pithecanthropus erectus, found in areas of Central Java, the Trinil by an expert
        Eugene Dubis (1891). This man allegedly lived about 300,000-500,000 years ago,
        i.e. in the period Pleistosin. Fossils are found in the form of jaw, some skull bones
        and some teeth.
    c. Sinathropus pekinensis, discovered by Davidson Blank and Franz Weidenrieich in
        Dragon Cave near Peking, China. It is estimated that the fossil variants and
        Phitecanthropus as it has the same body structure and living at the same age.
    d. In Germany found a human fossil Heidelberg.
4. modern human Fossils are also found in various places. Modern man is the man that
    almost resembles a man now, and included in the the species Homo Sapiens. Fossils
    found include:
    a. Neadertal Man, found in the Valley of Neader.
    b. Human Cro-Magnon found in goa-goa Cromagnon. Lascaux, Dordogne, France.
    c. Maidstone Kent Man, found in the United Kingdom.
    d. Human Steinim, found in Germany.
    e. Human Mount Carmel, found in goa-goa A.d. and Skhul caves, in Palestine.
    f. Human Shanidar, Iraq found in areas.

FRESHWATER HABITASTS

3. Freshwater habitats can be distinguished into two kinds, namely the quiet fresh water (reservoirs, marshes, ponds, pools, etc) and fresh water flowing (River).
The characteristics of freshwater habitat:
a. the main Producers are the microscopic green plants (algae and fitoplanton).
b. the Salinity is low, even lower than the protoplast.
c. low temperature variations.
d. the penetration of the Sun's light is reduced.
e. On the ecosystem of the river water flow occurs all the time.
f. climate and weather-influenced.
g. physical and biological habitat of the freshwater habitats of the sea and the
    intermediate land habitats.
Freshwater biomes is physically divided into three regional sections:
a. Regional litoral is a shallow water areas and get the sunlight to penetrate to the
    bottom. Organisms that live in the region of litoral e.g. plants its roots, worms,
    shrimp and plankton.
b. limnetik Area is an area of open water and sunlight is still able to penetrate to the
    essence. Organisms that live in the area of limnetik such as nekton, neutson and
    plankton.
c. the basic area is the profundal Region water and sunlight cannot penetrate to the bottom.

4. The Habitat of Sea Water.
    Broad habitat of sea water or accounting for around 70% of the entire surface of the Earth. High levels of salt effect to the mineral content, but each place has different levels of salt because influenced by climatic conditions and the parts of the world.
Based on the intensity of the light, the marine habitats can be classified into 3 parts:
a. the area of the sea is an area of fotik with a depth of 0-200 meters and allows sunlight
    to penetrate to the bottom.
b. the area of the sea is an area of twilight with a depth between 200 to 2000 meters.
    The sunlight was able to penetrate the depths but only at looking Dim.
c. Afotik Area is the area of the sea with a depth of over 2000 meters. Absolutely no
    sunlight can penetrate so that this area is very dark.
Based on its position of marine habitat are distinguished into four kinds:
a. Regional litoral, is the beach area or bordering land.
b. Regional neritik, is an area of shallow sea, which reaches 200 meters kedalamanya.
c. Regional batial sea area, which has a depth of 200-200 metres.
d. Regional abisal, sea area has a depth of 200 more.
Marine habitat characteristics include:
a. high salt Levels (especially in the area of tropical rainforest, and lower in the colder regions).
b. Marine Habitats with each other always associated (to be continued).
c. marine ecosystems is not affected by climate and weather.
d. ocean currents always spinning due to differences in climate and temperature, as well as the Earth's rotation.
Community on the ocean habitat consists of several types, including the following:
a. the manufacturer, including phytoplankton and algae (in tropical regions), green
    algae, red algae, blonde algae living as benthos or perifiton.
b. This bacteria, amonifikasi and bacterial fermentation.
c. Consumers, covers the types of animals from different phyla (from the lowest to the mammals).
d. Zooplankton, such as temporary and permanent plankton plankton.

THE WORLD'S ECOSYSTEMS

          The ECOSYSTEM is a functional unit between communities with their environment.
The circumstances that led to the formation of the ecosystem are the environmental components that work through tolerance and an assortment of organisms that can live in a certain place.

1. CLIMATE AND BIOGEOGRAPHY
          In the face of the Earth there are millions of different living beings. State of the climate strongly influenced the formation of the variation of organisms. Climate and vegetation or hewanya is a large scale ecosystem called the area of habitat or biomes.
In other words the biomes are a collection of different species of the main climatic regions on Earthand have considerable differences. Biomes are distinguished into three parts namely terrestrial habitats, habitats of water (freshwater and seawater).

2. TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
          terrestrial habitats berkaita with air, soil and climate. It affects the kinds of organisms in a given area. terrestrial habitats can be divided into a number of biomes (regions of habitat). The existence of the Earth's biomes because Division we are divided into several areas according height and latitude.
Biomes-habitats on land biomes include:
 a. the tundra Biomes
 b. Biomes tagia
 c. Biomes temperate deciduous forest region
 d. tropical wet Evergreen and
 e. Biomes of mangrove forests (mangroves)
 f. grassland Biomes
 g. Biomes desert and half-desert
 h. savanna Biomes
 i. Biomes of the forest Moss

a. Evergreen tundra
    means Plains without trees, which consists only of the types of grasses and lichens. Tundra areas can be found in the northern part of Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, Siberia and Canada. Animals typical of this area are the Oxen and Reindeer. Tundra biomes characteristics:
1. in the satrapies just get less energy radiation.
2. If winter, the atmosphere darkened continuously. At the time, freshwater bird feeder
    place moved south. While Fox and birds prey on gulls compatriots seals along the
    coast.
3. If it's summer, the State being the light continuously. Lichenes, Spaghnum and grass
    grew close the surface. Plants flowering simultaneously. While the animals roam in
    search of food. A group of freshwater and coastal birds lay eggs and then kept her
    children.

b. Tagia Biomes
     Biomes tagia is located somewhat to the South of the Tundra. Tagia is widely diffused, area and are found in mainland Scandinavia, Russia, Siberia, Alaska and Canada.
The characteristics of the ecosystem in Tagia Biomes:
1. Differences in summer and winter are very striking. If the summer temperatures are very high, while the winter is very low.
2. In the summer, the plants grown for 3-6 months.
3. Jungle overgrown tree groups mainly tagia needles and looks green throughout the year.
4. Types of animals in the area generally tagia wolves and bears.

c. Biomes Temperate Deciduous Forest Region.
    Deciduous forest biomes, also known as Desiduous Forest, called so because of the Woods wither or fall. This original forest types include most of the areas with a temperate climate in Europe, Asia, the Americas and the areas south of the equator. But because of the influence of the development of the opening of the forest as a place of settlement so that it is now somewhat diminished.
Distinctive biomes temperate deciduous forest areas are:
1. Rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year.
2. have a forest that is typical, i.e. forest molt or fall.
3. Has four seasons, summer, autumn, winter and spring.
4. plant species at a forest of Oaks and a bit closer than the area of tropical forests.
In the summer, the energy in the area of forest biomes molt is fairly high. This situation makes the humidity so increased. Large trees growing influence, the leaf-shaped hood. The leaves are thin so that owned a small portion of the light can penetrate to the bottom. the fauna at the time of the summer developing quite well. Many deciduous forest areas huni animals such as insects, birds, squirrel and raccoon.
If winter comes, temperatures are very low and cold. This makes the water is pretty cold and plants began to subjugate them difficult. As a result the leaves become flushed served together and eventually fall out, the forest became a molt. The leaves and fruit that fall into a pile of organic compounds. In the winter, this area of fauna not many activities, but rather the hoard food and fattening body. Some types of animals make a foxhole and stockpiling food for supplies. As for animal type of rodent silence form the FAT to warm her body. While the insect-eating birds do migrate to the tropics.
Spring is the season of the mark with the leaves of the trees blossoming Since the summer. When towards the summer, snow and water that freezes so melt. the animals are resting and hiding in her start doing activities again. The birds that used to leave these biomes returns.

d. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests
    Biomes are listed along the equator. Because of the intensity of the very high enough, then the temperatures are high, too. Tropical wet forest environment is considered the most steady climate. The trees that grow in it from various eppifit and liana with leaf, owned up to the tops of trees. Tropical wet forest biomes encountered in the Valley of the Amazon, South America, Indonesia, Western India, Muanghtai, Malaysia, Congo and Africa.

The characteristics of tropical wet forest biomes:
1. Have the various species of flora. Main tree can reach a height of 20-40 meters
    with branches and leaves luxuriant.
2. In the area of tropical forest, in addition there are also tree ferns-pakuan.
3. Animals are types of diural (active during the day) and noctural (active at night).
4. Rainfall is quite high, throughout the year, an average of 200-225 cm pan annual.
5. The sun shines all year round.
6. From one month to another month temperature changes are not too much.
7. In the shade (canopy) the tree thus no change in temperature between day and night.
8. The types of plants that live in the environment of the canopy is the nation of orchids.
9. Fauna consists of jungle cats, squirrels, leopards, Jaguars, monkeys, birds, pigs and so forth.

e. Biomes Mangrove Forests
    The mangrove forest biomes encountered in tropical areas as well as subtropik. That is along the beach and its surroundings have high levels of salt.
Mangrove biomes characteristics:
1. There is a sloping beach in tropical areas as well as subtropik.
2. The levels of salt in these places is very high.
3. Leaves evergreen trees in the mangrove and stiff, thick enough to prevent evaporation.
4. Also known as mangrove forests because it consists of mangrove plants.
In indonesia, there are mangroves along the East coast of Sumatra, South Kalimantan and West Coast, as well as all the beaches are low in Irian Jaya. Types of fauna found in this area are monitor lizards, crocodiles, sea snakes, fish-eating birds and so on.

f. Prairie Biomes.
   After the forest Oaks, more to the South again there is grassland biomes. The temperature of the temperature in this area is higher, but the annual precipitation totals fewer than on forest biomes molt.
Characteristics of grassland biomes:
1. Rain is irregular.
2. Rainfall of about 25-50 cm per year (in some pastures until it reaches an annual
    100 cm)
3. The State of the irregular rain causes prositias and drainage. As a result of the
    difficult plants absorb water.
Grassland biomes are found in regions of North America, Asia, Europe (mainly in Hungary and South Russia). While in the South of the Equator there is on the continent of Australis and South America.
Type of resident animals such as bison grassland biomes, elephant, giraffe, zebra, Kangaroo, Lion, wild dog, cheetah, wolves, snakes, birds and so on.
Types of flora such as bluestem and indian grass grasses with a height of 3 meters. While the short-grass species such as gama and buffalo grasses.

g. Biomes Desert and half desert.
    Area desert or desert there are in the region of half a line of 23.5 ' LU and LS. For example the Gobi desert in CHINA, the Arabian Desert in Asia. the Sahara desert in North Africa.
Desert biomes characteristics:
1. There is a plant xerofita (hold less water).
2. low Vegetation has a very small leaves, serves water needs saving.
3. plants that have been brought forth soon die.
4. In the rainy season, flowering and fruiting.
5. In most places there are many oasis of lush vegetation and dense.
6. Wild animals and be active at night and during the day hiding in her home.
7. Animals typical wilderness is the camel that can store water in his body enough to
    the preparation of several days.
The area of desert vegetation have half a lot more compared to the area of desert. Sometimes there are plants of the short-lived and their life cycle adapted to the water supply.
h. Savanna Biomes
    Savanna biomes are areas of suitable habitat appears to be grassland but here and there overgrown trees are irregular (huddle). There are savanna biomes in the tropical regions as well as the subtropik bulk hujanya mediocre, for example in Africa, Australia or in Indonesia. Fauna in the savanna biomes such as zebra, Antelope, giraffes, and predators such as lions and leopards.
There are 2 kinds:
1. savanna Savanna pure, is the savanna there are trees consisting of one type of
    plant, e.g., sabana sabana gebang Acacia leucophloea, etc.
2. mix the savanna, is a savanna there are many different types of trees.

for freshwater habitat and habitat of sea water please read on freshwater habitat and sea water

THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE

1. The theory of Abiogenesis 

             the theory of Abiogenesis has been said by Aristotle. This theory argues that the
     origins of living things came from inanimate objects. Aristotle considered that frogs and
     fish origin came from mud, from the land of origin of worms, maggots were first formed
     from rotten meat and mice derived from the chaff and dirty cloth.
2. The theory of biogenesis
             Emerging theory of biogenesis, briefly break the theory of Abiogenesis. So most
     people no longer recognize the truth Aristotle in his theory of it. Scientists who
     conducted the experiment so that it appears this theory are :
     a.     Franceso Redi (1626-1697) experiment is performed using three tubes, each
             filled sliver of meat.
            The first tube       : filled sliver of meat, and then closed
            The second tube   : filled sliver of meat and closed
            The third tube      : gauze stuffed sliver of meat and opened entirely
            After a couple of days left, the tubes checked. The result :
            The first tube       : not found a larva maggots in it.
            The second tube   : found some maggots on the tail of gauze covering.
            The third tube      : there are many maggots on meat it was rotting.
             The conclusion of the experiment last
             Maggots are not formed from decaying meat rather than flies that rested there, 
             then spawn  and abandonment. The egg later hatches into a maggot.
      b.    Lazzaro Spallanzaini (1729-1799). The experiment was conducted using
             materials from Bouillon filled on two tube-shaped gourd.
             The first tube        : filled 80 cc bouillon is then heated to 15 degrees Celsius in
                                              a State open.
             The second tube   : tubes filled bouillon 80 cc meeting then closed with Cork
                                              covered with wax and
             then heated to 15 degrees Celsius.
             After a couple of days left, the tubes are examined using a microscope.The result:
             The first tube        : bouillon looks very murky and tastes awful. When examined
                                               using a microscope, there are many microbes.
             The second tube   : bouillon stays clear and does not contain microbes.
             Spallanzani experiment conclusion: Microbes or microorganisms are scattered in
             the air. Possible onset of life has been around since long before life formed.
       c.    Lous Pasteur (1822-1895). His experiments using glass bottles (resembles a
              pumpkin). The tubes are filled bouillon 70 cc.
              First step             : glass tube closed meetings and heated.
              the second step   : the glass tube penetrated using pipe goose neck. And
                                             cooled. Then examined using a microscope,It turns out that
                                             clear water it  begins not microbes.
             Third step            : the tube is tilted so that the water reaches the mouth of the
                                             pipe neck stock a goose. Left a couple of days. The water in
                                             them turning  into turbid. When there are many microbes
                                             turns out to be checked.
             Conclusion the experiments of Louis:
             a warming bouillon aims to kill microbes, so it becomes sterile. While the goose 
             neck pipe that was installed was intended to free the air can get into the tube out 
             but the bacteria are not able to touch the water. While the bouillon is tilted and 
             touches  the mouth of  the pipe. By digitally so it was concluded that no true 
             living beings originated from inanimate objects.
3.  Theories of chemical evolution
     Theories of chemical evolution including the following:
     1.   Harold Urey from America. He was a chemical engineer. The theory expressed,
           that at one time the Earth's atmosphere is rich in the gas molecules that are the
           important elements in the body of any living being. The molecule is methane
           Urey intended, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapor. Of some elements are then
           formed the substance of life first.
     2.   A.I. Oparin from Russia. He posited the theory that ancient atmosphere (millions
           of years ago) begins water vapor, methane, ammonia and hydrogen. From the
           chemical and physical conditions like that then the chemical evolution can be
           formed, so that the existence of living beings because derived from living things
           before.
     3.  Stanley Miller was a pupil of Urey which are no bored-bosanya experiment to
          discover the origin of living things.

THE CONCEPT OF LIFE

1. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

            In nature around this there different types of being that are classed as living things and 

    beings not live. Not living creatures called inanimate objects, such as water, soil, air, rock and 
    so on. While the living beings are organisms ranging from simple to complex (perfect), such as

    bacteria, plants, humans and animals.

    Something regarded as living beings, if it has the following characteristics :

    a. Have a specific shape and size. Not to be confused between a human form in the shape of
        a turtle, different right? Note also the shape and size of your lawn with Palm trees?
    b. Have the protoplasm that is composed of an intricate and complex materials. Protoplasm
        is composed in units of sheltered, then called cells.

    c. Capable of performing activities of life, such as:

    1. Require food, because of the food will affect growth and development, can replace the cells

        die or are damaged, can set your metabolism, causing a power.

    2. Transport or Rapture substance, because the cells that spread the body parts necessary

        substances such as protein or water.
    3. Metabolic activity is purely physical or chemical nature, lasts in the body. Metabolism is

        distinguished into two, namely anabolism and catabolism.
        Metabolism characterized by the process of:

        a. The taking of (the absorption of substances) called ingesti

        b. Respiratory marked with the absorption of oxygen in order to produce energy. Oxygen is

            vital for food substances in the body. Also called respiratory, respiration

        c. food digestion is called digestion

        d. Formation or processing food substances from simple chemicals, called assimilation

        e. disposal of leftover food substances that are not needed by the body, also known as

            expenditure or excretion of.

     4. Able to do the movements, that doing transfers all or part of the body. Besides being able to
         do the iritabilita, i.e. the ability to react to stimuli from its environment.

     5. Can grow and thrive. All living things can grow and thrive. Man is born in the form of

         rattlesnake. From time to time develop into adults. The original acid trees grow on the
         ground, the longer the higher and larger.
     6. Can develop, IE the lower generation as his successor. If living creatures could not 
         depression, then his generation vanished altogether. So the goal of breeding ground for living
         things so that his descendants  remain preserved.
     7. Adapt, namely the ability and tendency to adjust to his new environment. Adaptation is

         divided into three kinds:

         a. morphological Adaptation is the adjustment of the shape of one of the organs of the body

             tends to be tailored to their needs. For example, the beak of the bird's beak is different
             with Starling sparrows. The radius of the duck is different with chicken toes.
         b. Adaptation physiology is the adjustment of a specific body tools against its environment.
             For example a camel has pouch for storing the water create the inventory. Also the
             animals at the Poles, has a lot of fat with the purpose of self-preservation against the 
             cold.
         c. Adaptation behavior is behavior adjustment of living beings to the environment. For

             example animals Chameleon that can change colour accordingly assigned.

      8. The regulation is setting all the existing systems in the body of the living thing in order to be

          in harmony, harmonious and balanced.